John Stewart's theory states that visual reference in music videos come from a range of different sources. The three main sources consist of: cinema, fashion and art.
Intertextuality has been used in music videos for many years now, dating back to the 1980s, with artists such as Madonna using it as a theme in her music video 'Material Girl'. Directors such as David Fincher, Spike Jones and Michael Gondry are most famous for using intertextuality in their music videos.
Nowadays it is used a lot more in many videos. A lot of the time it is used by indie/rock bands like Weezer as well as rap bands such as The Beastie Boys and one or two solo artists such as Eminem and UK artist Example.
Good examples of how intertextuality is depicted in music videos are as so:
All the videos above one way or another have the theme of intertextuality seen in them. Some are quite similar in many ways, however each of them have something original/unique about them.
The first two videos are 'The Last One Standing' by Example and 'Sabotage' by Beastie Boys. These are very similar in the sense that they both are based on 60s/70s cop dramas and they also show comparison with Starsky and Hutch. However even though they both have the story line of chasing 'the baddies' each music video have different plots. For example in The Beastie Boy's video, the plot is like all cop shows plots - chasing aftter bank robbers/robbers. Example's video on the other hand is about chasing people who have pirated his album, which is a little different to the usual cop drama stories, but it still has the same action shots (car chases and the police office/interview rooms).
Both videos have the same typical big, bold and bright headings in old font with credits. The videos also include the 60s/70s costumes and hair styles which really are very characteristics of era.
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